Who does it: The business owner (often a sole proprietor or partner in a firm with 2–50 employees), their accountant (often a part-time CA or in-house bookkeeper), or a dedicated "recovery" staff member whose real title is "relationship manager."
What they use:
- Phone/WhatsApp for first reminders — a WhatsApp message saying "sir, payment pending since 45 days" sent from the owner's personal number. This works until it doesn't, and the owner has no log of what was sent or when.
- Excel or Tally for invoice tracking — invoices created in Tally, payments tracked manually in a shared Excel sheet. The sheet is usually on the owner's laptop, not accessible to the person doing follow-ups.
- Physical visits for large overdue amounts — a person from the company physically visits the client. Cost: one day's wages per visit, no guarantee of outcome.
- Recovery brokers for genuinely bad debt — a third party who takes 10–20% of recovered amount. Only used as a last resort because it signals the relationship is dead.
- Email for formal businesses — used for first invoice, rarely for reminders because open rates in India B2B are low and email gets ignored.
- Owner or staff spends 1–3 hours daily on WhatsApp follow-ups with no systematic log. At ₹500/day labor cost for a mid-level staffer, that's ₹15,000/month leaked on manual work that generates no incremental revenue.
- Late payments of 30–90 days tie up working capital. For a business with ₹50 lakh in receivables at any given time, even a 15-day improvement in DSO (days sales outstanding) frees ₹8–12 lakh in working capital at a typical 20% gross margin business.
- Bad debt written off — businesses in India report 5–15% of receivables as bad debt annually in some sectors (manufacturing, wholesale trade). This is rarely tracked systematically.
- Relationship damage from awkward calls and messages — the owner avoids calling a client they like personally, letting invoices age.