Who finds daily-wage workers, and how:
For construction labour, factories, and informal domestic work, the hiring chain runs through three types of intermediaries. First, labour contractors (mistri, sardar, contractor) maintain a standing crew of 20–200 workers and are hired by builders or factories on a per-job or per-day basis. They phone or WhatsApp the site supervisor, negotiate verbally, and deliver workers the next morning. Second, job brokers (aamdani wallah, commission agent) sit between workers and employers with no crew of their own — they maintain a WhatsApp group or phone list, forward job leads to workers, and take 5–15% cut from the worker's wages, sometimes also charging the employer a finder's fee. Third, informal foremen at large manufacturing or warehouse operations (godown) maintain a physical attendance register and select known workers by phone for the next shift.
What workers use:
The dominant device in the ₹5,000–₹15,000/month wage bracket is a Jio Phone or entry-level Android (₹4,000–₹7,000 Xiaomi/Realme). WhatsApp is installed on roughly 60–70% of smartphone-owning daily-wage workers, used primarily for group chats and voice messages. Feature-phone users (Jio Bharat, Lava) rely entirely on voice calls and missed calls. A significant fraction — particularly older construction workers and agricultural labour — use no digital tool at all and show up physically at labour chowks (unorganized gathering points at city intersections, typically 5–7 AM).
Where money leaks:
The broker commission is the most visible leak, typically ₹50–₹200 per worker per job. On a ₹600/day wage, a 10-day construction job generates ₹600–₹2,000 in broker fees per worker per engagement. For a contractor hiring 50 workers, this is ₹30,000–₹1,00,000 per job cycle. Beyond commission, workers lose money through wage delays — contractors settle weekly rather than daily, creating a floating cash burden — and through transportation costs: workers travel to job sites on speculation, sometimes finding no work on arrival. Employers lose through no-shows: without accountability mechanisms, workers ghost a job if a better opportunity appears, leaving contractors short-staffed mid-project.